
         00...7F     80...FF   ⠭ - -
         .  ᫮,  砥, ᫨  ࠢ ⥫-
          筮 䬥⨪  ᬥ  ᮤন -
         ,    ஭.
              筮 ⠭  樨    䫠  
         䫠 ⭮,     䫠 ९,    
          ,    ⠡栬 襣 "ࠢ筨...".



+                                  - 57 -

                          5.10.   

              祭    ணࠬ  뢠 㦭   -
            ᫥ N  ࠧ.       楫 㦨
          横:
                     FOR i = 1 TO N
                     ..............
                     NEXT i
              ,  室  ࠬ FOR  NEXT 㤥 -
         ७ N ࠧ.  ⮬ ࠬ i, 뢠 ࠬ஬ 横,
         㤥   室  㢥稢   ,   -
         ⨣ N, 믮 横  㤥 ࢠ  ࠡ  ணࠬ
         த  , ᫥饣  NEXT.
               設   ⮩ 楫 㦨 魠   DJNZ
         S.   ⭮  ॣ B .  -
          砥  ,   㬥蠥    ᮤন
         ॣ B, ஢   , , ᫨    ⨣-
         , 믮 室  S ⮢. 稭 ᬥ饭 S  
          筮 ⥫쭮 ଥ   室     -
         ।, ⠪  ,  , 筮, . ᫥  -
            ,   㤥 ⨣ 0  ॣ B.
               - DJNZ S;     - 10 S.
              ᭨   ਬ.
               㦥 ,    砥   NOP,
          祣  , ..  뤥ন 㧠. த-
         ⥫쭮  - 4 ⠪⮢ 横. ⥫쭮 ⠪   
          饣   襣      ᪮쪮
            設   設. ,  ᪮   ਬ୮ 3,5
         ,    த⥫쭮    横 -  ᥪ㭤.
         ।,   , ⮡  뤥ঠ  -
         ୮ 200 ⠪⮢ 横.  , 筮,  
         50  NOP,   祭 㡮 ,  ⮬ ,  让
           ᢮ ⨢ .
              ᯮ㥬  ࣠樨 横 ᫥ 
          ७  NOP.  ⠡栬  "ࠢ筨-
         ..."  ,  ६ 믮  DJNZ 
         13 ⠪⮢ 横, ᫨  ॣ S  0  8 横, ᫨ 0.
              ᥣ, ⮡ 㧠  ਬ୮ 200 ⠪⮢,  -
+                                 - 58 -

           NOP 12 ࠧ:
                  12*4 + 11*13 + 1*8 = 48 + 143 + 8 = 199
               楤 㤥 룫拉 ⠪:

                                   ਩.
               LD B,12         06      㧪  ॣ B ᫠ 12
                               0C      0C HEX = 12 DEC
               NOP             00      㧠
               DJNZ 253        10       ᮤন ॣ B
                                         
                               FD       室   3 .

                      5.11.    

                  ணࠬ  ஢ ᮤন
         ॣ஢   ⥪ , , 뢠  㤠   -
         .   ࠧ,    ਥ  뫠 ࠧ  
         , .. 塠⭮  ᫮ ( ࠢ,   ,   
         ᥣ). ஬ ⮣,  ⮩  㯯  ,  -
           ந    ᮤন     ॣ஢
         .
              ᬮਬ  ⮩ 㯯  㯯 .

                   5.11.1.  ࠭   ⥪.
                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                稭   PUSH, ன  室
         ᪮쪮 쥧 ᪨   (  쭨
         騪). ⠪,  ਬ,   ६ ࠭  
         쭥襩 ॡ ᮤন ॣ஢ .
                                      
               PUSH AF         F5         PUSH HL           E5
               PUSH BC         C5         PUSH DE           D5
               PUSH IX       DD E5        PUSH IY          FD E5
              砫  ⥪ ७ 訩 ,  ⥬ 訩.
         ᫥ 樨 PUSH 㪠⥫ ⥪ (ॣ SP) 㬥蠥 
          . 蠥 ⮬,  ⥪ "" ᢥ .
           ⮬ 㦥 ਫ.

+                                  - 59 -

                     5.11.2.  맮   ⥪.
                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
               ⨬  ந ⨥   ⥪  -
         㧪   室 ॣ.  ભ,   -
         , 室騥  ⥪,     ॣ   ਢ易.
         ᨬ  ⮣,   ॣ  뫨 㦥,  -
         㦠      㣮  ॣ     
         䨧᪮  㧭   ॣ   -
         㦠. ᫨  , ணࠬ ᠬ   ⨬  ᫥-
         .
               , 뢠    ⥪,  稭
          ᫮ POP ("").
                                      
               POP AF          F1         POP HL            E1
               POP BC          C1         POP DE            D1
               POP IX        DD E1        POP IY          FD E1

                   5.11.3.    ⥪.
                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                .  稭   EX (EXCHANGE  -
         )  㦠  ⮣, ⮡ ࠢ  ⥪ ᮤন-
          ॣ஢  ,   ᮤন 設  ⥪ ࠢ 
          ॣ஢ .    ᠬ  ᤥ   ᯮ짮
           ॣ  ⢥ ६  ࠭,   -
              .
                                
                    EX (SP),HL            E3
                    EX (SP),IX          DD E3
                    EX (SP),IY          FD E3

                   5.11.4. 砭    ⥪.
                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
              ⥪  - 設 ⥪.   ᫥   
         ⥪ GO SUB,  ࣠  ࠡ    -
              ப,  ன 뢠  -
         ணࠬ,  ⠪  ᫥   ⥪  .
         ""  ,  ࠢ  楤ࠬ,
         ࠧ饭묨  ,   ᯮ짮  ணࠬ஢
+                                  - 60 -

           設  .        쭮 㡮 
         ࠧ 5.13.
              設 ⥪ 㦨   ⮫쪮  ⮣, ⮡  ᯥ-
          ணࠬ 㤮   ६ ࠭ .
          ᭮ 祭 - ࠭ ,   뢠
         ணࠬ.  㦭   ⮣, ⮡  襭  -
         ࠬ  , 㤠      த
         ᫥.  裡  ⨬,  ࠡ  ⥪,   ॡ-
          । ⥫쭮.
              ᫨  室   ணࠬ,  ,    -
           ⥪,    㤠  ⮣,   ந
         室  ணࠬ  뢠 ணࠬ.  㣮 ஭,
         ᪮ 室 믮  , 室饬   -
          設 ⥪,    ᭮ ࠢ   ࠡ
         ணࠬ, 㫨 ᫠, 室騬  設  ⥪,
          ⭮, ⠪ ࣠ ᫮ ᫥  ணࠬ.

                         5.12.  

                ணࠬ  뢠     GO
         SUB,   ᫥ ᯮ ணࠬ 믮  -
          RETURN.
               設       CALL -   
         RET - .

                         5.12.1.  맮.
                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
              맮   ᫮  ᮯ஢ -
         ᫮, 易   ஢મ  ﭨ 䫠  ॣ F.
         ᥣ  9   맮 ணࠬ.

                               ਩
                CALL NN       CD NN     ᫮ 맮 楤,
                                       室饩   NN.
                CALL C,NN     DC NN    맮 ணࠬ, ᫨ 䫠
                                       ७ 祭.
                CALL NC,NN    D4 NN    맮 ணࠬ, ᫨ 䫠
                                       ७ 몫祭.
+                                  - 61 -

                               ਩
                CALL Z,NN     CC NN    맮 ணࠬ, ᫨ 䫠
                                        祭.
                CALL NZ,NN    C4 NN    맮 ணࠬ, ᫨ 䫠
                                        몫祭.
                CALL N,NN     FC NN    맮 ணࠬ, ᫨ 䫠
                                        祭.
                CALL P,NN     F4 NN    맮 ணࠬ, ᫨ 䫠
                                        몫祭.
                CALL PE,NN    EC NN    맮 ணࠬ, ᫨ 䫠
                                       ९/⭮ 祭.
                CALL PO,NN    E4 NN    맮 ணࠬ, ᫨ 䫠
                                       ९/⭮ 몫祭.

                       5.12.2.   ணࠬ.
                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                ⮦ 9.  稭   RET.  
          砥 ⠪ ,  ᭨  孨 ᫠
          設 ⥪   ࠢ    ணࠬ 稪  (-
          PC).    ,  ⠭    設-
          ⥪      ⥬,   㤠  ࠢ 
          CALL.       ७, ⠪   -
         ७.
                           ਩
            RET             C9      ᫮   뢠
                                    ணࠬ.
            RET C           D8      , ᫨ 䫠 ७ 祭.
            RET NC          D0      , ᫨ 䫠 "C" 몫祭.
            RET Z           C8      , ᫨ 䫠  祭.
            RET NZ          C0      , ᫨ 䫠  몫祭
            RET M           F8      , ᫨ 䫠  祭.
            RET P           F0      , ᫨ 䫠  몫祭.
            RET PE          E8      , ᫨ 䫠 ९/
                                    ⭮ 祭.
            RET PO          E0      , ᫨ 䫠 ९/
                                    ⪮ 몫祭.

+                                 - 62 -

                      5.13.    

              ࠡ稪  Z-80  ।ᬮ५    -
             ண  맮    㯮ॡ塞
         ணࠬ, ᫨   ࠧ饭      .  
         "㬠"    室      -
              ᯮ짮 樨 CALL NN.
            稭    RST  (RESTART -  
         ).  ⮩ 㯯 8  .    頥  
            楤, ᯮ  , 㪠 
         .
                               
                 RST 0          C7         CALL 0000
                 RST 8          CF         CALL 0008
                 RST 10         D7         CALL 0010
                 RST 18         DF         CALL 0018
                 RST 20         E7         CALL 0020
                 RST 28         EF         CALL 0020
                 RST 30         F7         CALL 0030
                 RST 38         FF         CALL 0038
              륥    楤  ᯮ ஬
            ࠡ  設  室   ࠪ-
         ᪨   . 㣨   ᯮ  १砩 -
         ⨢,   㤭 .

                            5.13.1.  RST 0.
                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
               ⮩  ந室  楤  樠樨
         . 䥪  ⢨ ⮩  ⠪ ,    
         몫祭  ୮ 祭 ⠭.     -
          ⨣  RANDOMIZE USR 0.

                           5.13.2.  RST 8.
                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                楤 ࠡ⪨ 訡.  १   -
           ⥬ ६  ERR NR 뫠   訡. -
         設 ⥪ 頥.

+                                  - 63 -

                           5.13.3.  RST 10.
                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
               窠  室 ⥬  ணࠬ, 믮饩  
         ᨬ  ࠭   ਭ,    ਬ  
           ⮪ 祢  ᫮, 梥⮢ ⮢,   ⠪
         ࠢ ᨬ, ਬ AT, TAB.
                "㬠"     ।⢠, ᯮᮡ-
          믮  ࠧ 楫  ப,    ᢮  ࠡ
         易⥫쭮 ᯮ  RST 10.
              롮, 㤠 믮   -   ࠭    ਭ,
             ⮣,         . 
          뢠      OPEN$    設
          ⥬ 맮 ᮮ⢥饩 楤  .
               ஡   ਬ   ᬮਬ  ࠡ 
         RST 10   ன  -  "ࠪ⨪...". 쬠 ஡  
          ᬮ७   ᮮ⢥騬 楤ࠬ  
         襩  "ୠ 䨪".

                          5.13.4.  RST 18.
                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
              楤,  室    ⮬  ,  믮 
         ࠡ  ६ । 㥬  ᨬ-
         , 室饣  ⥬ ६ CHADD  ஢  
         ,       (ࠢ騬 ,  梥-
            ..).

                          5.13.5.  RST 20.
                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
               楤 믮 ᫥⥫ ᬮ ᨬ
            -ப.  ,   RST 18,  ᯮ-
            .

                           5.13.6.  RST 28.
                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
              樠 ७  .  -
          室  ୮   ணࠬ. ᪮   ᥤ
         ࠡ ணࠬ     믮  ⥬᪨
         ⮢,   ࠡ   "㬠"   設 
+                                  - 64 -

         १砩 ᫠ ᢥ饭,    ஡訥 㪠
          ࠡ  , ᬮ   ,   ଠ  ⭮
         ᪮॥  ,    .
              ⠪, ஥  "㬠"    -
          믮 ᫮  ⥬᪨ ᫥   室
          設 .  ⮣,  ᪠,    
          믮  ⠪,     .
              祢 ⪮  Z-80  ,  
         ⥬    믮 ⥬᪨   䬥-
         ᪨ 樨  ᫮,  祬 ᫮  ⠭  -
          楫 ᥫ.   ,   ࠡ⠥  "㬮"  
         設 ,   ᯮ짮  楤ன ,  ࠧ-
         饭   30A9   ।祭  ६  
          楫 ᥫ. 뢠  CALL A9 30.  ᮬ-
         ⥫  室  ॣ஢  HL, ன -   -
         ஢  DE.  頥  ॣ஢   HL.
          ६  ࠡ ⮩  楤    ᮤন 㣨
         ॣ஢, ஬ ॣ A. ᫨  室  ⮩  楤
         १ 뢠 ᫨誮 訬, 砥 䫠 ७
         (䫠 C ॣ F).
               ᫨ ਭ   稥 ⮩ 楤, 
           ,  ﬨ  ஡ﬨ, 묨 ﬨ,
         ਣ᪨ 㭪ﬨ  ..?
              ᪨ ⠪ ࠭祭  設  易  
         ⥬,  ଠ쭮 ॣ  ।祭  ࠡ
          묨 楫묨 ᫠  0   255.    ࠧ  1
          2  ⮬,    ॣ,      ࠭ ᫮
         0.5.    室   ஡   ⮣, 
         ࠡ⠥  ᫠, ᠭ묨   塠⭮,   ⨡-
          ଥ,   ࠦ  ⮫쪮 楫,    -
         ⥫ ᫠.
               ଠ ।⠢ ⢨⥫  楫 ᥫ -
         뢠 . ,  ࠡ     ᫠,
            襩 ணࠬ, ஬ ஢ ப,  ⮦
         ।⠢  ⥣ࠫ쭮 ଥ. ஢ .  -
          10 LET AAA=10*20,   ⥯ ᬮ,   ᠫ  
         : FOR I=23755 TO 23781: PRINT I, PEEK I: NEXT I .
               ᬮਬ,    ᫠ ।⠢   -
+                                  - 65 -

         ⭮ ଥ.

                              .
                ਭ 祭  0  65535.  ਭ樯 
           墠⨫    ⮢. ᫨ 訩    -
          hh,  訩 - ll,   ⨡⭮ ଥ ⠪ ᫮  -
         :
                                 00 00 ll hh 00
               ,  訩  ⮨ । 襣.

                                .
                ਭ 祭  -1  -65535.  ⮬  -1
         룫廊  FFFF; -2   FFFE  ..  ⨡⭮ ଥ  
         뢠:
                                 00 FF ll hh 00

                               .
              ""  ﭨ ࠡ  ⢨⥫묨  ᫠
             -1.7014118*10^38    +1.7014118*10^38. ᫠,
         室騥  । ⮣ , 㯭  
          뢠 ᮮ饭  訡:
                  6   Number too big    (6   ᫮ ᫨誮 )
                ⨡⭮  (⥣ࠫ쭮)  ଥ  ⠪ 訥 ᫠
         ࠭   ᯮ樠쭮 ।⠢.   襬  (⮬)
          ࠭ ᯮ  ᫠, 㢥祭   128,    -
         ⠫   - . 祬 訩  ⢥-
           㪠뢠    .  ᫨  祭  - ᫮
         ⥫쭮, ᫨  몫祭 - ⥫쭮.
                            4
               ͻ
                 5    ......  3      2     1   
               Ѽ
                          
          ᯮ + 128                  
                     
               ,   ,  ⠪ ᯮ樠쭠  ଠ,
         ⪮ ᭨.
              ।,     - 祭  讥
+                                 - 66 -

         ᫮. ᫨   㤥    ࠧ  ࠧ      
         ,    ⠭  ᮫⭮ 稭   ,
          ᪮쪮 ࠧ  諮   -    ᯮ,
          ,  ⠫ ᫥ ᫥  - . -
            ,   ᥣ  0,5,   1.
          ࠭     ,   ᯮ -  
         ⮬ (襬).  ⭠   믮 ⠪:  
          㬭    ⥯ ᯮ.
              ᫨    ᫮  뫮    筮  ஡, ਬ
         0,0000375,     , 筮, ᫥.   ⮬
         砥  㦭 㬭     ,    ⠭
         , 祬  0.5,   , 祬  1. 쪮  ᯮ  ⮬
         砥 ⠥ ⥫쭮.   ᯮ 㪠뢠 
         稭. ᫨   襬   ⮨  ᫮, 襥  128, 
         ᯮ ⥫쭠,  ᫨ ,  ⥫쭠.
              "" ࠭祭     ࠡ   祭 묨 ஡ﬨ.
         ᫠  -1.469367*10^(-39)  +1.469367*10^(-39)   -
           ⠥  㫥.
                  ⨡⭮ ଥ ࠦ ? ⢥-
            ᠬ ⢥ ଠ:  00 00 00  00 00
              ᪮ ।⠢ ஡   筮 ଥ  룫廊
          祭 祢,    ⮬    ⠭  
         ,   ਢ ਬ    " ZX-
         㬠" (    樠쭮 ଥ  -
         樥  ࠬ "ZX-Spectrum 16"  "ZX-Spectrum 48").
              ।,         ⥣ࠫ쭮 ଥ
         ᫮ 1/10.  , 祬 0,5. 㤥 ᫥⥫쭮 㬭
           ,   訩 ࠧ 㤥 室  ,
         㤥 ᭮    ஡.
              筠 ଠ              筠 ଠ
                   0.1                           0.
                   0.1*2=0.2                     0.0
                   0.2*2=0.4                     0.00
                   0.4*2=0.8                     0.000
                         > Ŀ
                   0.8*2=1.6                     0.0001
                         > Ŀ
                   0.6*2=1.2                     0.00011
+                                  - 67 -

                   0.2*2=0.4                     0.000110
                   0.4*2=0.8                     0.0001100
                         > Ŀ
                   0.8*2=1.6                     0.00011001
                              ⠪ .

               ࠧ, 筠 ଠ 筮 ᫠ 0.1:
                     0.000110011001100110011001100...  ..
              ⨬ ஡  ࠢ  ࢮ . ⢮
         蠣   ᯮ,  ⠢  㤥  ᮩ.
          襬 砥 ᯮ ࠢ -3,   -
                     0.1100110011001100... .
               ࠭ ⮣ ᫠    ८ࠧ  
         ⥣ࠫ  ᫥騬 ⥬:
              1) 襬  ⮬  稭 ᯮ,  㢥祭
          128, ..  襬 ਬ  㤥 125.
              2) 襬   8      ⢥⮬  ,
         । 8 -  쥬  ..
              3)  襬 (ᥤ쬮)  ⢥⮣    -
         ⨬ 0, ᫨ ᫮ ⥫쭮  1, ᫨ ᫮  ⥫-
         .
              ⠪,  :
               5       4      3        2      1 
              01111001    01001100   11001100     11001100   11001100
                 ,        
           ᥤ쬮   ⢥⮣   0  (⮡ ,
          ᫮ ⥫쭮), ⥬       ,
             .  ந室 ⮬,   -
          ᥣ , 祬 0.5,      ࠢ  
         ,   ⥫쭮 ᫠  .

                        .
              ਭ (ப)  ⮦ ।⠢  ⨡⭮ -
         ,  ᪮    묨,  ⥪   -
          - ⤥쭮. ਬ,   ࠭   ப
         ६ ᫮  "".   ⮬ 砥    ᥣ
         ࠢ . ⢥  ⨩  ᮤঠ   
          ,  ஬ ࠭  ᨬ ਭ ( 襬
+                                 - 68 -

         砥 ""). 稬  aa, bb. ன    ᮤঠ
          ⮣ ਭ. 稬  cc, dd. ⮣:
                              00 aa bb cc dd

                              .
                ,   ன    -
           樨.  ࠡ⠥ 筮 ⠪ ,    設
         ⥪ .  ⮨  ⮬, :
              - -,  設 ⥪  "" ᢥ  ,  ⥪
          - ᭨ ;
              - -, 設 ⥪   塠묨  -
         稭,   ࠢ ࠦ ,  ⥪ -
            ⨡묨 ᫠,  ࠦ  ⢨-
         ⥫ ᫠  ᨬ ப (ਭ).
              - -,    宦 設  設 ⥪
         㪠뢠 ᮤন ॣ SP (㪠⥫ ⥪).   ᭮-
          (砫) ⥪  㪠뢠 ⥬  ६
         STKBOT.   - 23651,   - 2 .    -
         ⥬ ६ STKEND,   㪠뢠   ,  ᫥-
         騩  設 ⥪ .   23653   -
         2 . ᫨ ⥪ ,  ᮤন   ⥬  -
         ६ ᮢ.  孥  ᫮  ⥪, ⠪  -
         , ᯮ    (STKEND)-5  (STKEND)-1.
         **************************************************************
         * ਬ砭: (STKEND)  ⮨  ᪮ ⮬,   *
         * ᢥ . ᫨  STKEND ࠢ 23653,      *
         *  (STKEND) -  ,  ᮤন  STKEND.          *
         **************************************************************
              ਬ ⥪   ᫥騬  ࠧ ࠡ  
         ஬:
              -    ⥪;
              - 믮   ⥬᪨ 樨;
              - ᭨ १  ⥪.
              ,    몮 ணࠬ஢ ,  㦠,
          樨  ஬ 祭 宦  ࠡ  --
         ⥬.


                                  - 69 -

                             .
                  稭    樨  RST   28
         ( EF) -     "祭 ".  ⨬  
           ᫥⥫쭮 ⮢,     -
           .   ࠧ,   ᫥⥫-
          ⮢  ᫥⥫쭮 . ,  筮,
         ,   猪 ᫥⥫쭮   ।⠢  
         ᥡ ணࠬ.  ⠪,    RST  28 稭 믮
         ணࠬ .   ணࠬ 祢 ᠭ   
         ,     設 .   ᢮  ⥬
         , ⫨筠  ⥬   Z-80.   -
         ,   ணࠬ  ᠭ   .  -
         蠥   ணࠬ    "end  calc" (
         ᫥).    - 38.  ࠧ, ⥩  ணࠬ
          룫廊 ⠪:
                        祭          ਩
               EF           RST 28          祭 
               38           end calc        몫祭 
               ,  ணࠬ 祣  ,  ⥬   -
            䥪.  ⮨  ⮬,   室  
             ॣ  DE    室 ᮤন
         (STKEND),   ॣ HL - (STKEND)-5. 㣨 ᫮, ॣ-
          HL  DE ⠭ 㪠⥫ﬨ ⥪ . HL  㪠-
         뢠    ( ᯮ) ᫠, 室饣  
         設 ⥪,  DE  㪠뢠   ᢮   
         , 室騩  ⥪ .

                           
               ⠡ ⥬   ਢ 
         襬 "ࠢ筨  ணࠬ஢  設  Z-80",
         .   襣 ᮡ.
                ᬮਬ ᭮    㪠    -
         ,    ⥭  ணࠬ஢. -
           ⮨  ⭠筮   , ஥
           祭.  㤥 뢠    -
          묨 㪢, ⮡  ⫨   ய  㪢
          .
              ࢠ ,     ᬮਬ -   add (᫮-
+                                  - 70 -

         ).  ।祭,  ᫥  ,   ᫮
          ᥫ.   室  設 ⥪  -
         .    ⮨  ⮬,    ᫠  ᭨ 
         ⥪,       頥   㬬.   ࠧ, 
         ⥪ 뢠   ᫮ , 祬 뫮.    add
         뢠 ୮ ⮬,    믮 ॡ 
         ࠭,  ᫥ 樨 砥  १.

                                  .
                 ࠧ  権  㭪権.  
           ᫥  ,  묨   樨 "subtract"
         (⠭), "multiply"  (㬭), "devide"  (). 
           "power" (    ⥯),   
          ᫮  ⥯ ண.

                                 .
                ⠪  㭨 樨,   -
          ⮫쪮  ࠭, ᭨   設 ⥪   -
            १⮬. ,  ਬ,   "sqr" (-
         ᫥ ⭮ ).  樨 ⠢ 
         ⥪   .
              ᬮਬ  ⢥ 樮 ਬ  ணࠬ
          ᫥   ⭮   㬬  ᨭ   ᨭ
         ᫠ X. । 砫 ணࠬ 稭 X  室 
         孨   ⥪ .
                              SQR (COS X + SIN X)
              ਬ 筮 , ⮡  ᠬ ᬮ   ᫥-
            ⠡  ⥬   (.  -
         筨...)  ஭  宬 孨 믮  ᫥
          ࠡ  ⥪ .
                ᫮   ᫮ ।  ਩
                          設       
         EF    RST 28         X         -        祭 
         31  duplicate        X          X       ७ ᫠ 
                                                 設 ⥪.
         20    cos         cos X         X       ᫥ ᨭ
         01  exchange         X        cos X      ⠬ -
                                                  ᫠  ⥪
+                                   - 71 -

                ᫮   ᫮ ।  ਩
                          設       
         1F    sin         sin X       cos X     ᫥ ᨭ
         0F    add        sinX+cosX      -       
         28    sqr    sqr(sinX+cosX)     -       ᫥ ⭮
                                                 
         38  end calc sqr(sinX+cosX)     -       몫祭 

               ⠢   室 ⠪ ᪨ 㭪-
         樨 and  or.  ࠡ ⠪,    .
              X and Y ࠢ X, ᫨ Y  ࠢ ,  ⨢  砥
         १ - 0.
              X or Y ࠢ X, ᫨  Y  ࠢ ,  ⨢  砥
         १ - .
              ᪠ 㭪 not   , ᫨  ਣ ࠢ
         ,  ⨢ 砥 - .
                    :
              less_zero ( 36)  , ᫨ ਣ  -
         ,  ⨢ 砥  .
              gtr_zero ( 37)  , ᫨ ਣ  ,
          ⨢ 砥  .

               訬 㣠  ⮢ ⠭,   
         饭  ⥪ .    A0  A4 ⥫쭮.
              stk_zero ( 0) 頥  ⥪ ᫮ 0.
              stk_one  ( 1) 頥  ⥪ ᫮ 1.
              stk_half ( A2) 頥  ⥪ ᫮ 0.5
              stk_pi/2 ( 3) 頥  ⥪   ᫠ "".
              stk_ten  ( 4) 頥  ⥪ ᫮ 10 (筮)
               祭 㤮, ᪮  ᫠ ﭭ -
           .

                㭪樨     맢 㤨.
         ਬ,   㢨  ⠡  㭪樨 usr.   usr
         (str)  usr (num), .. usr (ਭ)  usr (᫮).
                 ⮫쪮   祢 ᫮ USR.   
         ⮬,            믮  ࠧ
         樨.  ਬ,  USR  "J"      ᨬ 䨪
+                                  - 72 -

         짮⥫, 饭  ᯮ짮  ᪮ ०-
            "J".  ⮩  "J" - ਭ,   ᫮.
               㣮 ஭, USR_᫮   १ ࠡ  -
         設 ணࠬ, 稭饩   ,   ⨬
         ᫮. ஡, ਬ, PRINT 65536-USR 7962.   -
         , ᪮쪮 ⮢ ᢮    ⠫.
                ⮫쪮 .  ᠬ   ﭨ -
         ,   ᫮  設 ⥪ ᫮   ᨬ-
          ਭ.    ⮬ ᮮ.   室
           ࠧ 㭪 usr.
               ⮣,   usr (᫮)   ᠬ
         㤨⥫  . ,   :
              -  設 ⥪ ᭨ ᫮  ࠢ  ॣ-
         ஢  BC.  㬥, ᫨   頥  ࠧ,  
         頥 㤠 ⮫쪮  楫 ⥫쭮 ᫮.   ⨢
         砥   ᮮ饭  訡;
              - ⥬  ᮤন BC  ਭ     뢠
         ணࠬ, 稭  ⮣ ;
              -  襭 ࠡ ⮩ ணࠬ  祭 ॣ
         BC, ஥ 室 ⠬   室, 頥  -
          ⥪ ;
              -  ᫥  ᥣ  ⮣   室  ᯮ
         ᫥饩 .

                㣨 樨, ࠧ騥 ਭ  ᫠. -
         ਬ,  add   ࠧ  
         , ᮮ⢥⢥,  ࠧ   ࠡ  ਭ 
         ᫠:
               add ( 0F) ᪫뢠 ᫠ ଠ ࠧ -
         ⠪,  1 + 2 = 3,   ६,   s_add ( 17)
         믮 ᫨ﭨ ਭ, ⠪ 
                       "SPEC" + "TRUM" = "SPECTRUM".

              ᭮ ࠡ⠥  peek (2B).  ᭨  ⥪
         , 頥    , 室 ,  ⠬  ᮤ-
           頥 ᫮  設 ⥪.


                                   - 73 -

                              
               "㬠"   祥 .   ਭ-
         樯,    㢨  ,   ⢮   㢥. 
            祥  ࠭ ᫮  ਭ.   -
               0   5 ⥫쭮  
         ⮣, ⮡    祩 ᫮, 室饥  設
         ⥪.  ⮬  ᫮  設  ⥪  ᭨,   ⮫쪮
         믮  ஢   ⨡ 祩.
                    0    5  뢠 ᫮ 
         ਭ        設 ⥪.
               ⢥ ਬ ᬮਬ   ᫥
                          SQR (SIN X + COS X),
          㦥 㣨 ᯮᮡ,  ᯮ짮  .
               ᫮     ᫮ ।   ਩
                         設         

         EF     RST 28      X             -      祭 
         C3    store M3     X             -      饭 ᫠ 
                                                  祩 
         20     cos       cos X           -      ᫥ ᨭ
         E3    recall M3    X           cos X    맮 ᫠  쥩
                                                 祩 
         1F     sin       sin X         cos X    ᫥ ᨭ
         0F     add     sin X + cos X     -      
         28     sqr   sqr(sinX+cosX)      -      ᫥ ⭮
                                                 
         38 end calc  sqr(sinX+cosX)      -      몫祭 

              ०, 祬  ३   㦤 ⮣,   㢥
         ⢮ 祥   ,     ⠭
            .
                  ⮬,         
         楤 ,     ᮤন  祥 
         .  ந室 ⮬,   ᠬ  ᯮ
          ᢮ ࠡ.    , ⮡  ᮢ 訡  
         .
              sin, cos, tan, asn, acs, atn, ln  ᮤন 祥
           M0, M1, M2.
                                  - 74 -

              exp - 祩 M0, M1, M2, M3.
              int, mod_div, get_argt - M0.
              str$ - 蠥   祥  0  5.
              usr_n -         ᮤন 
         祩.
               ᪨ ᨬ ( CHR$128  CHR$145)  -
         蠥 祩 0  1  .
              饭  楤  PRINT_FP, 室饩  
         2DE3  㦠饩    ᥫ  饩 窮,
         ࠧ蠥 ᮤন  祥 .
              "", ண ,   "窮" ( -
          訡)  ᢮ .   㪠, 㭪 ᫥ -
           ᫠ int  蠥 ᮤন 㫥 祩  
         ,  ᫨  -ࠢ,  襭  ந-
         室 ⮫쪮 ⮣,   楫  ⥫쭮-
          ᫠. ᫨ 㬥  ⥫,  祩 0  ⠭
         ஭⮩.
              㭪 mod_div  ।祭   ᫥ ⭮  
         ⪠     ᫠   㣮, ᪠ X   Y. 
            ⥪   ᫠, 믮 ᫥   -
            ⥪  묨 ᫠ - ⪮ X-Y*INT(X/Y) 
          INT(X/Y).  ᮦ, 楤 ,  믮
          ⢨,  ᮢ襭   ਭ      䠪,
          int  ࠧ 0.  १, ᫨ X -  ⥫-
          ᫮, 㭪 mod div   १ /1.

                          .
                 ࠡ    祥   ᭮뢠
          ᯮ짮 ⥬  ६ MEM.   ᯮ 
          568 (23656).   ,   ࠭  
         ⥪      ⮢,  ⮬    祩 
           ⮦   ⮢. 0 室 
         
         /1   ⥫, 騥  ஡    訡
          "㬠"   ᤥ  9-12- ᪠ 襣  -
         ਮ᪮  "ZX-"  1992 ,  ਢ 쬠
         ⠫  ,  믮     ਠ ࠭
         .
+                                - 75 -

         ,  㪠뢠 . 1 -   ()+5; 2 -  
           ()+0    ..  ଠ쭮  ⥬  ६ 
         ᮤন 592 (23698),  .. 㪠뢠   ⥬ ६
         . ᪮     30 ⮢,     ⮩ 
          ࠧ ஢ 6 祥 .
              ।,     32 祩   -
          ( ᨬ쭮  ⢮). ࢮ,  
          ⮣  ᤥ -  뤥 160 ⮢ ᢮  -
         .  ᯮ짮    RAMTOP,  ।-
         ⥫쭮 ⠭ RAMTOP  CLEAR. 㣮 ᯮᮡ - ࠧ-
             ࠡ祩 ,   ᤥ   設-
            RST 30.  ⮣  ࠧ  ॣ
         BC 室 ⢮ ⮢ ( 襬 砥  160 .
          A0 ⭠.)     RST 30.  楤 ࠡ⠥
          㪠 ⢮ ⮢ 㤥 ⢥.  室  ⮩
         楤 ॣ DE 㤥  ᮤঠ  ࢮ,   ॣ
         HL -  ᫥  뤥 . ᫥ ⮣ ,
           㦭 -  ॣ㧨 ᮤন DE  ⥬ -
          .
               ࠡ  묨 祩  㦠 :
              6 -  祩 6 (store M6);
              C7 -  祩 7 (store M7);
              ..............................
              DF -  祩 M1F(store M1F);

              맮     祥 믮   
         6 (recall M6)  FF (recall M1F).
                  ࠭祭    ᮤন -
          .  ᫨    㤥  ᮤঠ ,  ⫨ 
         ।⥫쭮 ⠭ 592,   㤥 ࠡ -
            str$ (  2)    㤥  ࠡ 楤
          ᥫ  饩 窮 PRINT_FP. ᫨    -
         ,   ⠭ 592  ६  ।  
         ᯮ짮.

                      .
               ⮩ 楫 㦨  jump.  塠⭠  -
         .  ࢮ   ⮨   -  33,      稭
+                                  - 76 -

         "ᬥ饭", 㪠뢠  ᪮쪮 ⮢ 믮  室.
          祭 宦   設  JR S,  -
          ⫨稥.  㦥  ⭮ 㪠뢠  ,   稭
         "ᬥ饭" 뢠  設    ,  -
         ஬ ࠧ饭  JR,   ,  ஬ 室  
         ᫥饩    樨.        稭
         "ᬥ饭" 뢠   ⮣ ,  ஬ ⮨
          jump.
              稭 "ᬥ饭  "    筮  ⥫쭮
         ଥ,  ⮬    室    ।,  ⠪  .
         ।    0...127  (0...7F)  ⮢         -1...-128
         (FF...80) ⮢.

                               .
                  ।⢠    ࣠樨 ᫥,
            ⥬,      믮     
         IF...THEN.   IF   THEN ⮨  ࠦ, ஥ 
         ஢થ      ਭ  祭  TRUE  ()  FALSE
         (). ᫥ THEN ⮨  ࠦ, ஥ 믮   ⮬
         砥, ᫨ ᫮  祭 TRUE.
                   믮    ᠬ.
         -,  ,  ,    ࠭祭. ᫨
           ᫥ THEN 室     ,   
           室    ⮫쪮   ⭮-
         ⥫쭮  室.    砥,    ᮧ ⮫쪮
         樨 ⨯ IF...THEN GO TO ...
               ࠭祭     ᬠਢ   ࠭-
         祭, ⮬,   筮     -
         ࠬ       㣮.
                 室  ᫮ ࠦ  -
           jump_true.    jump  塠⭠
         .        樨  00,     稭 s
         ("ᬥ饭"),   ⮬  筮 ⥫쭮
         ଥ. "饭" 뢠 筮  ⠪ ,     
         jump, ᬮ७ .  ⠥  ᫥騬  ࠧ.
          ⥪ ᭨ 孥 ᫮. ᫨   祭 TRUE,
         ..   ࠢ ,  믮 室.   ᫨     ⥪
         㯨 0,  室   믮,  ,  ࠦ騩 -
+                                  - 77 -

         稭 "ᬥ饭" .
               ᯮ짮 㫥 祭  ࠦ  -
         ᪮ 祭 TRUE  㫥 祭  ࠦ FALSE  -
             㤮 ਥ,   ᭮  ࠡ  "-
         㬠". ᪨    ⠪ ,  ਧ TRUE
          FALSE  ⨯ , ⫨  ᥫ  ਭ - -
         ᪨ 묨.
              ਬ,   lt_z  (, 祬 0   -
         36)  ᫮, 室饥   設 ⥪   TRUE, ᫨
          ᫮ ⥫쭮,   FALSE, ᫨  ⥫쭮.
              㣮 ਬ.  not ( 30)  祭  TRUE
          設 ⥪  FALSE  .  ᪨ 室
         ( ᫮) 頥  ࠡ ணࠬ.
                not, ᫨    ᬮ   ⠪
         㣫  ७,      祭. -,  
         ᪮ 祭, 室饥   設 ⥪   ⨢-
         . -, ᫨  ᮤন 設 ⥪  ᬠ-
           ᫮,  ᫥ ⮩  ⠬ 㤥 0.   -
         ,     ᯮ짮  㫥  設
         ⥪, ᫨ ⠬   .

                               "" (and).
                      and.     ࠡ 
         ᫠ - n_and ( 08),  㣠 -  ࠡ  ਭ  -
         s_and ( 10).
               n_and ࠡ⠥ 筮 אַ:
                     TRUE n_and TRUE = TRUE
                     TRUE n_and FALSE = FALSE
                     FALSE n_and FALSE = FALSE
                 ᯮ짮   ⠪ ଥ:
                     <᫮> n_and <᪮ 祭>
                ᠬ  뫮  ᤥ   . ஡-
         :
                        PRINT (7 AND (X>9))
              ⠢  X ᫠ 10  8.

                -  s_and.     設 ⥪  
          ਭ,      ᫥  ᪮ 祭. 
+                                 - 78 -

         ࠡ⠥ ⠪. ᪮ 祭 㤠  ⥪,   ਭ
           ਭ   ⮬   ⮫쪮  ⮬  砥, ᫨
         ᪮ 祭 뫮 FALSE.
               ࠧ,        ਢ
         ࠦ  ᪮ १. 㣨 ᫮,  -
          祭 ࠦ    TRUE  FALSE,  ⥬  믮-
          室  ᫮.

                           - .
              ய Z-80   ॣ஢,    -
          뢠 ணࠬ஢   設 .   
           ⮫쪮  ॣ - "B".     ࠭  楫
         ᫮  0  255.
               祭      RST  28 ந室
         ⮬᪨ ७ ᮤন ॣ B    -
          B .  襭 筮   砭 -
         ᫥  ॣ  B ७ ,  뫮   -
           B    ।    end_calc.  ⮣,
         ""    ⥬  ६      B_REG
         (23655),  ன  ,  뫮  ॣ B -
          ।  end_calc.
              ⥬      execute_B  (
         38).       ᯮ  ⮩ 樨,  
         ᮤন    ॣ  B.    ਬ ᢥ 㪠 
         .  ࠧ, ᫥⥫쭮 :
                   RST 28       EF
                   execute_B    3B
                   end_calc     38
           믮        ,  ᫨  
         ।⥫쭮      B-ॣ . 㬥,
          ࠢ ⮫쪮   .

                        ,    "B"
                 ॡ  ᢮ ᯥ譮 -
         , ⮡  ॣ B 室 - ᫮.  
         ப ਬ     ࠢ: =, <, >, <=,
         >=, <>.   襬  "ࠢ筨..."      ७.
         頥    ,   ⥬  
+                                 - 79 -

            㧪  B-ॣ ᫠. ⮡  ᤥ, 
           設 , 㧨   ᫮,  ⥬   -
           .
              ਬ,    㦭  ,  ஢  䠪, 
         ᫮, 室饥   設  ⥪ ,  祬 ᫥饥 
          ᫮: n_lt.   ᭨  ᫠  ⥪  -
            TRUE, ᫨ ࢮ ᫮  ண,    ⨢-
           砥  -    FALSE.    ⮩ 樨 OD,   ⮣,
         ⮡    ᯥ譮  ࠡ⠫,  室,  ⮡  ॣ B
         ⠪ 室 ᫮ 0D.  ⠭ ⠬ ⮣ ᫠  믮-
           室  :
                             ਩
              .........        ..        ...............
              end_calc         38        室  
              LD B,OD          06        㧨  ॣ  ᫮ OD.
                               OD
              RST 28           EF        맮 
              n_lt             OD        ࠢ ᥫ
              .........        ..        .........  ..
              筮 ⠪  s_eq ( 16),  ஢  䠪
         ࠢ⢠  ਭ, ॡ, ⮡  ॣ B 室
         ᫮ 16.     .  ⥫-
           ࠡ  .

                   ,   -
                㦥 ਫ,   , 騥  ᮤ-
           祥   .    -
         ⥫쭮 ⬥⨬,    , 騥  ᮤন --
         . , ਬ, ਣ᪨ 㭪樨 sin cos,  tan
          .   ⠡  ⥬   (."ࠢ筨...")   
          ७.

                          
              筮 ணࠬ஢  設  ⥬ 
            djnz (DECREMENT and JUMP if NOT ZERO
         =  ᮤন ॣ   , ᫨   
         ,    ⢮ ⮢).  ⮩  
         35. ,     jump   jump_true,   ॡ ᫥
+                                  - 80 -

         ᥡ 㪠 稭 "ᬥ饭" s.   ⮦ 塠-
         .
               ࠡ⠥  ⠪.    砥,  ந室
         㬥襭  1 ᮤন ॣ B. ᫨   ࠢ ,
         믮 室    稭 ᬥ饭,  ᫨  㦥
         ࠢ ,   ᫥騩 , 騩  ᬥ饭, -
           ᫥ த  ⢥ 浪.

                              
                㦥 祢 﫨, ⥪ 㫫 ࠥ  -
          ஫  ஢ ᫥.  ⮩  樨
         ᮢ襭 室   ,     ன 
         뫮    㦭 ᫮   ⥪.     -
         stk_data ( 34).  ⭠ . ᫥  -
         樨   ᠬ ᫮, ᠭ  ⠪ 뢠  㯠-
          ଥ.   ,   稭饣 ⥫  㦥
          ᪮ ᠭ      ।⠢-
             ,   祣     - ⠪ 
         ᤥ ᮧ⥫.  类 砥  ᫥ ଠ,   -
         ன  室   ,  ⥯   ( 
         )  ⮬ .
              ࠢ ॢ ᥫ  ⨡⭮ ⥣ࠫ쭮  
         㯠 筮     ᠬ  ᫠,
         ..  ࠢ ᥫ   ࠢ ࠧ.   ਢ -
          ⠡  믮 ⠪ ॢ.

                          0  255.
              ᫨ ᫮ ।⠢     nn,  ⭠-
            饭   ⥪:
                                34 40 0 00 nn

                         0  65535.
              ᫨ ᫮ ।⠢  塠⭮ ଥ mm, nn,  
          饭   ⥪:
                               34 40 B0 nn mm

                   -65535  -1
              ᫨  ।⠢    塠⭮  ⥫쭮 筮
+                                  - 81 -

         ଥ -1  FFFF; -2  FFFE  ..,  :
                              34 80 B0 FF nn mm
              ᫨  㤭 ࠧ ᫨ ⭠   -
         ⥫쭮 ᫠,     ⠪: ਡ   -
         ⥫쭮  65535,  ⥬ १ ९   ⭠-
         筮 ଥ.

                            
               ⮣       stk_data ᮮ⢥-
         ,  㯠  .     const
         zero (  0),   頥   ⥪ 楫  ᫮ 0.  
          ⮣ ਭ ( ⭮ ⢥ত  ࠢ-
            ᥣ).

                   256 
              ᫨ ⥪ 襣 ਭ ࠭, 稭  -
         䨪஢ , ਬ pp qq    nn ⮢,
         ⭠    饭  ⥪:
                                34 B0 qq pp nn

                  
              ᫨  pp qq,   mm nn,  ⭠ 
                               34 B0 qq pp nn mm

                        
                 蠣   ॢ ᫠   ⨡
         ⥣ࠫ ,   ன  ।⠢  -
         ⥫ ᫠  饩 窮.  ⮬,   , 
         ᠫ . ।,   ଠ 룫廊 ⠪:
                               aa ee dd cc bb
                -  ᯮ.      -
         . ᫨  室    51  8F,   㯠
         ଠ ।  ⠡  5.13.6.1.,  ᫨   室 
         ⮣ ,   ⠡ 5.13.6.2.
                ࢮ  砥      ।,   
         ।⠢    ⠡      室     ।
         ᮮ⢥饥  祭  ".  ஬ 砥 ⠪  
         ᨬ   稭   ᫠   㯠
+                                  - 82 -

         .
                                                      5.13.6.1.
         --------------------------------------------------------------
           ⥣ࠫ쭠 ଠ          祭 "
         --------------------------------------------------------------
           aa ee 00 00 00        34 aa" ee               aa-50
           aa ee dd 00 00        34 aa" ee dd            aa-10
           aa ee dd cc 00        34 aa" ee dd cc         aa+30
           aa ee dd cc bb        34 aa" ee dd cc bb      aa+70
         --------------------------------------------------------------

                                                      5.13.6.2.
         --------------------------------------------------------------
           ⥣ࠫ쭠 ଠ            祭 "
         --------------------------------------------------------------
           aa ee 00 00 00        34 00 aa" ee               aa-50
           aa ee dd 00 00        34 40 aa" ee dd            aa-50
           aa ee dd cc 00        34 80 aa" ee dd cc         aa-50
           aa ee dd cc bb        34 C0 aa" ee dd cc bb      aa+70
           ------------------------------------------------------------

                         
               read_in ।   ᨬ, 㯠-
         饣  譥  १ 祭   ⮪ X,  
         X - ᫮   設 ⥪.   㭪 -  . -,
         ⮪ 롨ࠥ  ⢥ ⥪饣,  -, ந
          ᨬ, 㯠饣  ⮬ ⮪. ᫨   ந-
         室,  뤠 ⮩ ਭ. 㭪 뫠  祭  -
           ⥭  ᨬ, 㯠    (筮
         㭪樨  INKEY$),    "㬠" ᮤন  -
           ᠤ 訡.   ᥡ,  X=0  X=1, 
           ⮪ 㦥  祭   "K"  (). 
         訡  ᥡ ⠪:
              砫 롨ࠥ  "",  뢠 몫祭  -
         ⮣  ⥬ ६ FLAGS (23611),  砥 "-
         ⮢  ਥ  ".  ⮬  ⮨ 訡,  -
         ⮬   ᫥ ⮣ 믮 ⪠  ᨬ-
            "".   ணࠬ, 稭   
+                                 - 83 -

            108.   ஢    ⥬  ६
         FLAGS   믮 , ᫨  몫祭,  -
         砥 "ᨬ 㯨".   ࠧ, INKEY$ #0   -
         ⥫쭮 뤠 ⮩  ਭ. ⢥ ᪫祭,  祭
         ⭮, ந室   몫祭 ⮣  
          ஢મ  ந室 ⥬  뢠. 쪮   ⮬
         砥      㤥  ⠭.   祭 
         㭪  ⠫  ᫥  -        ᠤ
         訡.

              㭪 get_argt ( 39)  2/PI*ASN(SIN(X)).  
         쭮 ࠭  㭪   稭 ᢮  ᯮ 
         짮⥫,      ⥬  楤-
         , ""  ,  ᫥ ਣ᪨ 㭪権.

              ᭠  "trancate" ( 3A).  㦨   -
          楫  ஡ ᫠.  ⮬ ᫥  ᪮쪮
         宦    INT    int  (
         27),   ᫨ INT  㣫 ஡  ᥣ ,   "trancate"
         ᥪ ஡ , .. 㣫 " ".  ਬ  ࠢ-
            ⠡.
              ----------------------------------------------------
                        X            int X        trancate X
              ----------------------------------------------------
                      5.3              5              5
                      5.8              5              5
                     -5.3             -6             -5
                     -5.8             -6             -5
              ----------------------------------------------------

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