
          ४砥  ⨢).
              DAA - DECIMAL ADJUST ACCUMULATOR =   
         . (ন  ࠨ   ᮮ-
         ⢨  ࠢ BCD-䬥⨪).
              DEC - DECREMENT =  ( ).
              DI - DISABLE INTERRUPTS =  .
              DJNZ - DECREMENT and JUMP if NOT ZERO =  ( -
         )  , ᫨  . (蠥   ᮤন-
          ॣ BC , ᫨    ⨣, 믮  -
+                                  - 260 -

         ⥫ 室   稭 ⮢).
              EI - ENABLE INTERRUPTS =  .
              EX - EXCHANGE = . ( ᮤন ॣ஢).
              HALT = 
              IM 0 - INTERRUPT MODE 0 =   0.
              IM 1 - INTERRUPT MODE 1 =   1.
              IM 2 - INTERRUPT MODE 2 =   2.
              IN   - INPUT =  (  譥 ).
              INC  - INCREMENT =  ( ).
              IND   - INPUT  and DECREMENT  =    . (᫥
             譥   ந室  㬥襭 㪠⥫
           ).
              INDR - INPUT,  DECREMENT and REPEAT  = ,   
          (᫥    譥  ந室  㬥-
          㪠⥫   ,     
          ,   㫨 稪 ⮢).
              INI -  INPUT and  INCREMENT =      . (᫥
             譥   ந室  㢥祭 㪠⥫
           ).
              INIR -  INPUT,INCREMENT and  REPEAT =  ,   
         . (᫥    譥  ந室 㢥-
          㪠⥫         
          ,   㫨 稪 ⮢).
              JP - JUMP =  (᮫).
              JR - JUMP RELATIVE =  .
              LD - LOAD = . (믮 ஢ ).
              LDD - LOAD and DECREMENT -   .  (ந-
          ஢          ,
         ᫥ 祣 ந室 㬥襭 㪠⥫ ᮢ 筨 
          祭).
              LDDR - LOAD, DECREMENT and REPEAT - ,  
         . (ந  ஢      
            , ᫥  祣 ந室  㬥襭 㪠⥫
         ᮢ 筨   祭,  ⠪ 稪  ⮢.
         ᫨ 稪  ࠢ ,   ).
              LDI - LOAD and INCREMENT =   .
         (ந  ஢          
         ,  ᫥  祣  ந室  㢥祭 㪠⥫ ᮢ
         筨   祭).
              LDIR - LOAD, INCREMENT and REPEAT = ,  
         . (ந  ஢      
            , ᫥  祣 ந室  㢥祭 㪠⥫
         ᮢ 筨   祭,  ⠪ 㬥襭  -
         稪 ⮢. ᫨   ࠢ ,   ).
              NEG - NEGATE =   ().
              NOP - NO OPERATION =  
              OR - ᪮ ""
              OUT - OUTPUT =  (  譥 ன⢮).
+                                  - 261 -

              OUTD - OUTPUT and  DECREMENT =    . (᫥
         뢮  㬥蠥    㪠⥫ ).
              OUTDR - OUTPUT, DECREMENT and REPEAT = ,  
         . (᫥ 뢮    譥 ன⢮  㬥-
            㪠⥫   ᮤন 稪  ⮢.
         ᫨ 稪  ⨣ ,  ).
              OUTI - OUTPUT and INCREMENT  =   . (᫥
         뢮  㢥稢   㪠⥫ ).
              OTIR - OUTPUT, INCREMENT and REPEAT = ,   
         . (᫥ 뢮  㢥稢    㪠⥫
           㬥蠥  ᮤন 稪 ⮢.  ᫨ 稪
          ⨣ ,  ).
              POP = . (७   設 ⥪  -
          ॣ஢ ).
              PUSH  =  .  (஢ ᮤন ॣ஢
           設 設 ⥪).
              RET - RETURN = .
              RETI -  RETURN from  INTERRUPT =   ᫥  ࠡ⪨
         .
              RETN - RETURN from NON-MASCABLE INTERRUPT =   ᫥
         ࠡ⪨  ).
              RL - ROTATE LEFT =    (  ॣ  
         祩 ).
              RLA  -  ROTATE  LEFT  ACCUMULATOR  =     
         .
              RLC - ROTATE LEFT without CARRY -     䫠
         .( ७       ⮬ १
         樨,   饭  ).
              RLCA -  ROTATE ACCUMULATOR  LEFT without  CARRY -  
             䫠  . (  ७   
             ⮬  १  樨,    饭 
         ).
              RLD - DECIMAL ROTATE  LEFT =    .
         (饭  㡠⮢,  ᮤঠ  ࠧ  
         BCD-䬥⨪).
              RR - ROTATE RIGHT =   (  ॣ  
         祩 ).
              RRA -  ROTATE RIGHT  ACCUMULATOR =      
         ).
              RRC  -  ROTATE  RIGHT  without  CARRY -   
         䫠  .  (  ७        ⮬
         १ 樨,   饭  ).
              RRCA -  ROTATE ACCUMULATOR  RIGHT without  CARRY - 
             䫠  . (  ७  
             ⮬  १  樨,    饭 
         ).
              RRD - DECIMAL ROTATE RIGHT =   .
         (饭 ࠢ 㡠⮢  BCD-䬥⨪).
+                                  - 262 -

              RST -  RESTART =   .  (맮   ᯮ
          ணࠬ  ⥬  ).
              SBC - SUBTRACT with CARRY =   ⮬ 䫠 -
         .
              SET =   (㪠     㪠 ॣ  
         祩 ).
              SLA - SHIFT LEFT ARITHMETIC =   .
              SRA - SHIFT RIGHT ARITHMETIC =   
              SRL - SHIFT RIGHT LOGICAL =   .


                   5.       
         ͻ
          祭 ॣ "I"     室       窠    
         ͹
           DEC         HEX        DEC        HEX          DEC     
         ͹
             0         00        20430      4FCE          255     
             1         01        52818      CE52          511     
             2         02        22269      56FD          767     
             3         03        39020      986C         1023     
             4         04        10419      28B3         1279     
             5         05         2294      08F6         1535     
             6         06        29149      71DD         1791     
             7         07        16039      3EA7         2047     
             8         08         2088      0828         2303     
             9         09        65129      FE69         2559     
            10         0A        32802      8022         2815     
            11         0B        58888      E608         3071     
            12         0C        53183      CFBF         3327     
            13         0D        52503      CD17         3583     
            14         0E        14367      381F         3839     
            15         0F        27928      6D18         4095     
            16         10        51984      CB10         4351     
            17         11         8729      2219         4607     
            18         12        52481      CD01         4863     
            19         13        49749      C255         5119     
            20         14        25705      6469         5375     
            21         15        51673      C9D9         5631     
            22         16        51568      C970         5888     
            23         17        12493      30CD         6143     
            24         18        15582      3CDE         6399     
            25         19        23842      5D22         6655     
            26         1A        13824      3600         6911     
            27         1B         7306      1C8A         7167     
            28         1C        49947      C31B         7423     
            29         1D         2344      0928         7679     
         ͼ
+                                 - 263 -

                                      த ⠡ 㪠⥫.
         ͻ
            30         1E        26573      67CD         7935     
            31         1F         3360      0D20         8191     
            32         20        52513      CD21         8447     
            33         21        33485      82CD         8703     
            34         22          544      0220         8959     
            35         23        49537      C181         9215     
            36         24         8527      214F         9471     
            37         25        23670      5C76         9727     
            38         26        20444      4FDC         9983     
            39         27          288      0120        10239     
            40         28        32348      7E5C        10495     
            41         29        58154      E32A        10751     
            42         2A        19754      4D2A        11007     
            43         2B        23653      5C65        11263     
            44         2C         7117      1BCD        11519     
            45         2D        55781      D9E5        11775     
            46         2E        23713      5CA1        12031     
            47         2F         4569      11D9        12287     
            48         30        60208      EB30        12543     
            49         31        57640      E128        12799     
            50         32        13627      353B        13055     
            51         33        13256      33C8        13331     
            52         34         1560      0618        13567     
            53         35        57124      DF24        13823     
            54         36        34307      8603        14079     
            55         37        41231      A10F        14335     
            56         38        65535      FFFF        14591     
            57         39        65535      FFFF        14847     
            58         3A        65535      FFFF        15103     
            59         3B        65535      FFFF        15359     
            60         3C          255      00FF        15615     
            61         3D            0        00        15871     
            62         3E          255      00FF        16127     
            63         3F           60      003C        16383     
         ͼ


              6.        .

              ⠭  ASCII । ⮫쪮 ᨬ  ࠬ
          32 (஡)  127 ("ࠩ").  ⮬  ᯮ-
           ९, ,  ⠪ ய    㪢
         ⨭᪮ 䠢.    0  31   ࠢ騬
           ⠭⨧஢  筮. ࠡ稪  -
         ஢         ⮣  ᯮ짮
         -ࠧ.
+                                  - 264 -
                127-  ⠭  ।  ⠢-
             ࠧ饭   樮 ⮢ (-
         檮, ࠭᪮, 袥᪮  .),  ⠪  ࠧ饭
         ⠬ ᨬ 筮 䨪.
                ⨯ "ZX-Spectrum"  ࠧࠡ稪  ࠧ-
         ⨫   孥    ⠡  ᨬ 筮 䨪
         (128 - 143), ᨬ 䨪 짮⥫ (144 - 164)   ⮪
         祢 ᫮ ஥  (165 - 255).
              稥    ⮬    ⮪  祢 ᫮ 
          ࠧ饭  孥   ⠡ ᨬ
         ᪮ 䠢  室 ᪠ 㣨 .
               ⥫, 祢, ,  䨪 
         ஢   ࠭묨 ⮤.  -,
         ᯮ ᨬ 䨪 짮⥫ UDG,  -, ᬥ
           ४祭 ⥬ ६ CHARS.

                  6.1. 䨪  ᯮ짮 ᨬ UDG.
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
               䨪 짮⥫    ᯮ짮  
          ᮡ⢥ ᨬ.  ᮦ,  ᥣ ⮫쪮 21 
         ⮬ ᪨  ᮧ 㤠 ⮫쪮  ய 㪢
            ᫮ ᯮ짮 㪢 ᪮ 䠢, -
           ᪨  ⠭.
              ⠭⮢ ࠧ饭 ய  ᪨ 㪢   
           ᪮ ०     ,  ᪮
         ᠬ  ⮤  ᯮ짮  ᨬ  UDG   ᯥ᪨
         "ᨭ஢᪨"  ⠭⥭.  ᫮,    ࠧ-
          ᢮ 㪢   䨪 짮⥫,  .
                ,    ४   
          ᫥騩 䠪. -  ਬ୮  1984-1985,  -
          ⥬ "" ⮫쪮 砫   , -
           ᫮ ணࠬ,  ய 㪢  
          ᨬ UDG.  ணࠬ "ABC" ⭮  .
          稫 祭  ப ࠭ ,  , ⮨
         ਤন ਭ⮩    ⥬. ,   
         ,      諠  ப  ࠭  , 
         .  ਢ    ᮮ⭮襭:
             ͻ
                㪢   㪢   㪢
             .०     .०     .०     
             ͹
                  Q              D              P         
                  E              F                       
                  R              G              S         
                  T              H              B         
                  U              J              N         
                  I              L              M         
                  O              C                         
             ͼ
+                                  - 265 -

              稥  ய  㪢      ᠭ   
            ᪮,   筮 ० -  "L".

                     6.2 䨪  .
                     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
               ᯮ짮 䨪 짮⥫ ᪨ ⥪  -
          祭 ⮬⥫쭮.   ⮤ ᫥  ᯮ짮, ᫨
         ⥪  筮   㤥   襩  ணࠬ -
          ᪮쪨  ⪮ ᫮.   ⮬   砥,  ᫨ ࠡ 
         訬  ᨢ  ⥪  -    ᯥ樠쭮,  ᫥
         ஢   .    ⮬,    ᤥ, 
         ⭮  ᠫ    ᢮  ࠭  ࠡ      ,
         -,  .
              ।  ⮨  롮 - "  ⠭ ਤন-
         ?".    ਠ. -, ࠡ  -
          ꥬ ⥪,  -,  뢮   
         ਭ.    ஢  䨪 ⠪,  ⮡ ਭ
         ࠢ쭮   ᪨ 㪢. -, ᫨   
            ࠡ   饩 設,    䨪
         ஢  ⠭  ᪮ 饩  設, 
         ਢ離   ਭ ⢨  㦥 ணࠬ  ⥬. 
         , । ⥬,  ࠢ  ,   -
           ⠭, ন ਭ஬.

                      6.2.1. 䨪 " ਭ".
                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
               㦥 ⠭,    "㬥"    
         ⮫쪮        ⠡.    ⠬  
         ᪨  ᪨  ६ , ⮬ 
           ४,    ᮤন  ⥬   ६
         CHARS   室. 筮 ⠪  祩  ࠢ饣
           ਭ    ४    ⨭᪨,   
         ᪨  (.   ਭ).  ࠧ,  ᫨
         ᯮ짮  ਭ஬,    ண  ᪨     ⮦
         ࠧ饭     ⠡ (  ⠪  
          設⢠  ࠭    ࠭  襢
         ਭ஢ ROBOTRON, D-100  ..),     ᮮ⢥⢮-
          ⠭ -7 (. ⠡. 6.2 - ᨬ  63-   
         , ..  ९   ᮢ).
              ᫨  ਭ - EPSON  IBM - ᮢ⨬,    
         ᪨      孥    ⠡, ..
         ᨬ   ⠪ ,   ""   ᨬ 
         ᯮ.    ⮬  砥    ਤ   ணࠬ
         ४஢  ᨬ ।  뤠祩   ਭ.  
            ४ ਭ  ᪮    ⨭-
         ,  ,      ࠢ  .  ⠡ 6.3
             ᪨  㪢    EPSON   IBM-ᮢ⨬
         ਭ஢ (஢ -ୠ⨢).
+                                 - 266 -

                                                  6.2.
                                 -7
         ͻ
                 .    .            .   .  
         ͹
             64      @                   96    .      
             65      A                   97      a          
             66      B                   98      b          
             67      C                   99      c          
             68      D                  100      d          
             69      E                  101      e          
             70      F                  102      f          
             71      G                  103      g          
             72      H                  104      h          
             73      I                  105      i          
             74      J                  106      j          
             75      K                  107      k          
             76      L                  108      l          
             77      M                  109      m          
             78      N                  110      n          
             79      O                  111      o          
             80      P                  112      p          
             81      Q                  113      q          
             82      R                  114      r          
             83      S                  115      s          
             84      T                  116      t          
             85      U                  117      u          
             86      V                  118      v          
             87      W                  119      w          
             88      X                  120      x          
             89      Y                  121      y          
             90      Z                  122      z          
             91      [                  123      {          
             92      \                  124      |          
             93      ]                  125      }          
             94                        126      ~          
             95      _                  127  "ࠩ"      
         ͼ

                                                         6.3.
                ஢ ᪨ ᨬ -ୠ⨢.
         ͻ
                                      
         ͹
           128                 151             174            
           129                 152             175            
           130                 153             176             
         ͼ
+                                  - 267 -
                                               த ⠡ 6.3.
         ͻ
                                      
         ͹
           131                 154              .      ᥢ- 
           132                 155              .       -   
           133                 156              .       䨪   
           134                 157             224            
           135                 158             225            
           136                 159             226            
           137                 160             227            
           138                 161             228            
           139                 162             229            
           140                 163             230            
           141                 164             231            
           142                 165             232            
           143                 166             233            
           144                 167             234            
           145                 168             235            
           146                 169             236            
           147                 170             237            
           148                 171             238            
           149                 172             239            
           150                 173                             
         ͼ

                      6.2.2. 䨪 "  設".
                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
              ,      ᪮  饩 設,
           ।  ஢  䨪  ⠪, ⮡ ᪫
            "㬠"        ᮮ⢥⢮ 
         ᪫  饩  設.    ⮬  砥     ᫮
         ਤ  ஢    ।  뤠祩     ਭ,
         ᨬ  ⮣,    ਭ - ROBOTRON  EPSON  
             ⠡  ᮤন ᪨  -  
            孥.
              ⢥⢨  "㬠"  ᪨ 㪢, ९-
            ( ய,  ⠪  ),    ⠡.
         6.4.

                                                6.4.
          ͻ
            Q/  W/   E/   R/   T/   Y/   U/   I/   O/   P/ 
                                                                     
            A/  S/   D/   F/   G/   H/   J/   K/   L/       
                                                                     
            Z/  X/   C/   V/   B/   N/   M/                   
          ͼ

+                                  - 268 -

               १ ⠪ "ਢ離" ᪮쪨 㪢  墠⨫
         .  㪢: ,,,,,,,,,,,.  ਤ  "ਢ-
         "  ᨬ, ࠥ   ⮩ 襩 SYMBOL  SHIFT.
         롥   ᨬ,   । ᯮ    ਢ令
          㪢  , ਬ, @,#,$,%,&,<=,<>,>=,<,>,"","".


                           6.3   ᮢ.
                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
              ᫨  ᠬ  ணࠬ,   蠩
          ᪮쪨 ࠪ᪨ ४, 易   䨪-
         樥 .  ஢७  ⭨ ⮬    
         ਣ.
              1.   뢠  ,   饣  짮-
         ⥫ 襩  ணࠬ    ஢ ⠪ ,  
         . ᫨  ᯮ ᪨ ,  ᫨  
          ""  ,   ࠢ ਡ⨢ ணࠬ  ⠢-
            ᢮ ஬.  ண㦠    
         । 㧪  ணࠬ   ४砩 CHARS  । 뢮
          ᮮ饭  .
              2.       ࠨ    ணࠬ   ஭
            ᪮ 몥.     짮⥫ , 
         ,   ॡ      ᪮ 몥,
         ᮡ  ᫨    蠭,      ணࠬ  㤥 ࠡ
         ॡ.     ⮣, ⮡  ࠧ뢠 ᫥ 
           ᪠ ,     "ᨫ"  㪢
         "",  ᮡ   ᫨   ""   ᨬ  "}",  
         ⠪-  .
              3.     ,    ⮩ ⢥ ⨯
         "/" (/)    ॡ    ""   "".
          ᤥ  ⨯ "Y/N,   ਭ  ᥬ  .
         ᫨  ,  ᤥ ⠪:
                                 1 - ""
                                 2 - ""
         -  ஢,    -  "1"  "2".
              4. ᫨ 祭 㦭, ⮡ 짮⥫  - -
         ᪨, ""  ⮢ ୠ⨢:
                          1.  .
                          2.  ࠢ.
                          3.  .
                          4. .
                          5.  "!"
              ࣠  롮  ⠪    ⨥  ᮮ-
         饩 ,   ६饭 㠫쭮 㪠⥫, 
           梥 롨ࠥ 樨 -  .
              5.   ᫨   , ⮡  짮⥫   ᢮
         ,      .   ⠭ 㦥᪮ 
           ᪮쪮 ᥢ,  롥 ᥡ ,  -
+                                  - 269 -

          ࠢ.
                           1.     3. 
                           2.      4. 
              ᫨ ।   楫  祭,      
             ᭮  ୠ      㬠,   
         ஢      .   祭   
          ᠬ, ਬ:
                              007
                              -13
                      ⠭ ᬨ᪮ ॣ
                      "஧", ⮢  22.
              6. ࠨ  ⨯ " 㤥",  뢠,  
         ,  짮⥫ 㤥   㪢.  뢠-
          -  ⠪筮. 㬠,  ᨢ   -
           㪢       .    ,
           ᡨ ᠬ  ஫饩 㦭 㪢,   
            -  ࠡ,      ᢥ
         㦭  㪢  -  ᯮ  ,    ,   
         祣    ᪨ 㪢.

              7. ᫨   ணࠬ   ⮣  ।祭,
         ⮡  - ᪨ 㪢 (ਬ, ᫨   
         ),  -, । 砫 ணࠬ   ⠡,
             㪢  室,    -,  ᯥ, ⮡
         짮⥫      ⠡  맢    ࠢ  
         ६. ਬ,   - "祩 ",  ᪠
         "SYMBOL SHIFT"  + "2"  맮   ࠭ ⮩  ⠡窨   
         ﭨ  ⢨ 짮⥫ ࣠  ஢
          ⮩ .    ࠭,  ""  
         뤠 ⮩ ⠡窨,  - ࠭ ॡ᪮  -
          LDIR,  ᫥ 室  ⠡窨 - 筮 ⠪   ⠭-
         .
















+                                   - 270 -

                              7.   .

              㡮㢠 ⥫.  ਬ    ,
           襩 . ᫨  ⠫      
            ⭮,   ᤥ 让 蠣 ।,    
          ⮫쪮 ᠬ  蠣.

                 ,    ⠭  ⮬  -
          ,     ᮭ쭮     -
         ⥫쭮 ᢮⢮ -    祫  ᠬ⢥न-
         .  ᪮쪮   ,  ஢   ࠧ,
             ணࠬ   ࠡ⠥,      
         ᠬ⢥ত.  ন 訥   , 頥
         ᥡ   ࢮ뢠⥫,   ⢮殬,    ⥫
         -  ᥣ  ⠪    ᠬ .

                ⮢  ন        ⮬ . 
         ᫥  - ⮬   䨪  "㬠".
         ᥣ  ࠡ 室 4  ⮬, ꥬ  200 -  220 ࠭
         .

             .1  "ୠ 䨪". ᬮ७ , 易
                  䨪    ,  ஡  ᬮ७ ࠡ 
                  䨪   設 ,  ᢥ   ਬ-
                    ஥  楤  ,  饭   
                  ⮭  ᯮ짮, 易  稥   
                  ⥬ 訡  筮⥩,    ࠪ-
                  ᪨ ४権  ਥ,  ࠭  㡫-
                   ᢥ, 騥 ᮡ⥩ 128 -
                   設.    ᥩ ਨ.

              .2 "ਪ  䨪".   ᬮ७   -
                  ⭮  ਬ  䨪   , ,
                  , ஢    ணࠬ. ᬮ७  -
                  ஢,   ୠ,   筠,  嬥ୠ,   ⥭
                  䨪  .

              .3 "᪠ 䨪" - ᬮ७   樨
+                                 - 271 -

                  ᪨ ࠦ. ᭮ ࠢ -  
                  ᮧ   ஢ ணࠬ.

              .4."   ணࠬ" -  ᥭ ⮣,   -
                   ⥫ 襫, ࠡ  묨 ⮬ ਨ.

              ஬ ⮣,   ४㥬  ਮ  ᪨ 襣
         ਮ᪮   "ZX-",    1991  . 
         騩      ਮ⥭ ⮢  
         91-  92- , 믮   ⤥쭮  ⮣ 
         ଠ,    .  ꥬ -  264 ࠭,   
          祭 ⭮    ,  ᡮ୨  -
         ন ਠ, ࠢ  ਬ୮ 1200 ࠭栬  設᭮
         ⥪, 墠뢠騩 ࠪ᪨  ᯥ ᮢ  짮-
         ⥫ "ZX-Spectrum",   ⮬  ᫥   ⥫ ஢ -
         ࠬ ᯥ祭.
                   ᪨ ⥪饣 .

               ᥬ ᠬ ਮ⥭ 襩    ᪨
          "ZX-"     ᮬ  襬 :
                         121019, ᪢, -19, / 16,
                                ""

              ਫ     ᮬ   -
          ᫠ ४ ⮪  । 饩   
            -.

              ᫨  ஦  ࠨ,   ⠪ 
          襬 ।⠢⥫  ⮬ ॣ:
                               320030, ࠨ,
                               .ய஢,
                               . 祭, 34,
